The Five Valleys

The Valleys of Nijrab

Since the name "Nijrab" consists of five letters, the district is also made up of five main valleys and two additional smaller valleys, which together expand its land area. These valleys stretch from the northern side of the western Hindu Kush mountains to the south and are as follows:

Central Valley (Kharj Dara): The Heart of Nijrab

The Central Valley, locally known as Kharj Dara, serves as the beating heart of Nijrab District in Kapisa Province, Afghanistan. It is the initial and most prominent part of Nijrab, both in geographical importance and population density. This central region is formed by the natural confluence of four rivers that flow from the surrounding valleys—an intersection that has shaped its lush terrain, fertile lands, and vibrant communities for centuries.

Kharj Dara is a broad and fertile valley divided into two sub-regions, each playing a unique role in the cultural, agricultural, and social life of Nijrab. The valley is home to a beautifully diverse population where four major ethnic groups have coexisted peacefully for generations. The majority of the residents are Tajiks, comprising approximately 58% of the population, followed by Pashtuns and Pashai, each making up about 20%, and a small percentage belonging to other groups including Hazara, Sayeds, and Khwaja families. Notably, all residents of the valley adhere to the Sunni branch of Islam, a shared faith that has helped nurture unity and social harmony across communities.

The valley is composed of 51 villages, including well-known settlements such as Ghazi Baik Khil, Terori, Pashai, Qala Khan, Jarpiruz, and Jurgal, among others. Each village carries its own history, traditions, and cultural identity, contributing to the rich tapestry of the valley. The central position of these villages in the broader Nijrab District has allowed them to benefit from trade, education, and social services more than the outer valleys.

Agriculture is the backbone of Central Valley’s economy and lifestyle. The fertile soil and abundant water sources make it an ideal location for farming and livestock. The residents cultivate staple crops such as wheat, corn, and beans, and maintain a strong tradition of producing high-quality dairy products like milk, cream, cheese, and curd. These products not only serve local consumption but also contribute to small-scale trade within the district.

A vital economic and social hub in the valley is the Sherwani market, which serves as the central trading post for residents of Kharj Dara and surrounding areas. This bustling bazaar is a lifeline for local farmers, craftsmen, and vendors who come together to buy and sell goods ranging from agricultural products and livestock to clothes and household items. It’s also a key meeting point for community members, reinforcing the valley’s role as a central node of interaction and unity in Nijrab.

The district center of Nijrab—the administrative core—is also situated in Central Valley. This makes Kharj Dara not only the geographic center but also the political and administrative heart of the district. Government offices, schools, health clinics, and local councils operate from this location, offering essential services to residents from all across Nijrab’s valleys.

Education has played a transformative role in the lives of the valley’s residents. Over the past few decades, many families have prioritized the education of their children, especially in larger villages like Ghazi Baik Khil and Qala Khan. As a result, a significant portion of the educated population from Kharj Dara now lives in Kabul, other major Afghan cities, and abroad, contributing to the broader society as doctors, engineers, teachers, civil servants, and entrepreneurs. Despite being away, many of these individuals maintain strong ties to their homeland, investing in local development and participating in community decision-making.

Kharj Dara is not just a physical space; it is a symbol of cultural coexistence, resilience, and hope. Its fertile fields, flowing rivers, and mountain backdrops form a landscape of natural beauty, while its people, with their diverse backgrounds and shared values, represent the spirit of Nijrab at its finest. In times of both hardship and celebration, Central Valley has remained a pillar of strength and unity, reflecting the true essence of what it means to be part of Nijrab.

Kalan Valley

Kalan Valley is surrounded by the following boundaries:

To the north: The Semyana Pass, one of the southern branches of the Hindu Kush mountains.
To the east: The Ghaus Valley of Nijrab.
To the west: The Farukhshah Valley.
To the south: Central Valley (Kharj Dara).

Kalan Valley is one of the most historically rich and geographically significant regions of Nijrab. It is strategically situated at the foot of the Semyana Pass, one of the southern branches of the Hindu Kush mountain range. The valley is bordered by several other valleys: to the east lies the Ghaus Valley, to the west is Farukhshah Valley, and to the south it connects with the Central Valley (Kharj Dara). These valleys form the heart of Nijrab, and the rivers that flow through them are essential to the region’s agricultural output.

The name “Kalan” originates from the legend of three brothers who settled in the three valleys that make up the core of this district: Ghaus Valley, Farukhshah Valley, and Kalan Valley. Historically, the valley was covered in dense forests, and its name is said to have been inspired by the brothers who built their homes here. Kalan Valley is divided into two parts by the river that flows from the Semyana Pass and merges with the river from Ghaus Valley, which passes through Central Valley (Kharj Dara).

The majority of Kalan Valley’s inhabitants are Tajiks, specifically from the Ayyar Khil, Ibrahim Khil, Raza Khil, and Safri clans. They speak Persian and follow Sunni Islam. This valley has a strong cultural and educational heritage, with several notable figures originating from the area, most famously Hafiz Abdul Majid, known as the “Father of Education in Nijrab.” His influence continues to this day, with several schools in the area that promote literacy and learning.

Kalan Valley is known for its diverse agricultural production. The fertile soil supports the growth of a variety of crops, including beans, walnuts, pine nuts, and berries. The valley is also home to a number of villages such as Tawakhan Selfi, Tawakhan Aliya, Deh Malu, and Deh Nasir, where the locals engage in farming and livestock herding. This thriving agricultural economy provides the local population with a sustainable livelihood. Kalan Valley is also famous for its livestock, including goats and cattle, which provide meat, milk, and wool. These products are crucial for the local market, and the residents of Kalan Valley are skilled in both farming and animal husbandry.

Education is highly valued in Kalan Valley, as seen by the establishment of several schools. Among the most notable are Lisah-e-Niswan Badakhshi and Lisah-e-Niswan Raza Khil. These educational institutions have played a major role in the social development of the valley, producing individuals who have gone on to contribute significantly to the development of Nijrab and beyond. The construction of a paved road by the U.S. PRT team has greatly improved the connectivity of Kalan Valley, making it easier for goods, services, and people to move within the region.

In addition to its agricultural and educational significance, Kalan Valley holds a place in the cultural history of Nijrab. The valley’s picturesque landscapes, with its rivers, fields, and mountains, attract many visitors. The peaceful and hospitable nature of the local people makes Kalan Valley a warm and welcoming place for those who venture into it. The combination of natural beauty, cultural heritage, and agricultural prosperity makes Kalan Valley one of the most important regions in Nijrab.

Farukhshah Valley

Farukhshah Valley is a critical part of Nijrab’s valley system. It is located between the eastern Kalan Valley and the western Giyawa Valley. This strategically positioned valley is bordered to the south by Kalan Valley and to the north by the high peaks of the Hindu Kush mountains, which separate it from other parts of the country, such as Panjshir. To the east, Farukhshah Valley is bordered by Giyawa, while to the west, it connects with the wider region of Nijrab.

Farukhshah Valley holds significant historical and cultural value, mainly due to the shrine of Hazrat Farukhshah, which stands as a center for religious pilgrimage. This shrine attracts visitors not only from within Nijrab but also from other parts of Afghanistan. People come to pay their respects and seek blessings, further cementing the valley’s importance as a spiritual and cultural hub.

Agriculturally, Farukhshah Valley is known for its fertile land, which allows for the cultivation of a variety of crops. Farmers in the region primarily grow wheat, barley, and other grains. The fertile soils also support the cultivation of fruit, with apples, pomegranates, and grapes being some of the valley’s most common produce. Livestock farming, including the raising of goats, sheep, and cattle, is another major aspect of the local economy. The valley’s cool climate makes it an ideal location for the growth of these crops, which are exported to other regions of Afghanistan.

The valley is also home to several villages, including some in the lower reaches near the river and others higher up the slopes of the Hindu Kush. These villages are primarily inhabited by Tajik people who speak Persian and follow Sunni Islam. The lifestyle of the residents is largely agrarian, and they are known for their hospitality and close-knit communities.

In addition to its agricultural economy, Farukhshah Valley is important for its natural beauty. The high mountains surrounding the valley create a dramatic landscape, with clear rivers and deep forests. These natural features make it a popular destination for visitors who are interested in hiking, exploring, and experiencing the region’s untouched beauty.

In terms of infrastructure, Farukhshah Valley remains somewhat underdeveloped compared to the more populous areas like Central Valley (Kharj Dara) or Kalan Valley. However, efforts to improve roads and increase access to education and healthcare are ongoing. Local schools are small but provide essential education to the children of the valley. The introduction of new technologies and initiatives aimed at improving agricultural techniques are helping to boost the economy of Farukhshah Valley, enabling the residents to achieve better yields from their crops.

Ghaus Valley

Ghaus Valley is one of the largest and most populous valleys in Nijrab, bordered by the high Hindu Kush mountains to the north. This natural barrier separates Ghaus Valley from other important regions like Hazarah in Panjshir. To the south, the valley is connected to Central Valley (Kharj Dara), while to the east, it merges with Pata Valley. Ghaus Valley is renowned for its lush greenery, stunning rivers, and natural springs, making it a prime location for agriculture.

The valley is historically significant because of the religious shrine dedicated to Pir Ghaus, a revered saint. This shrine attracts many visitors from across Afghanistan who come to seek blessings, strengthening the valley’s position as a spiritual center. The presence of the shrine also makes Ghaus Valley a culturally rich region where traditions, rituals, and spiritual practices are deeply embedded in everyday life.

Agriculturally, Ghaus Valley benefits from its fertile land, which is perfect for the cultivation of grains, fruits, and vegetables. The residents primarily grow wheat, barley, and other cereals, which are essential for local consumption and trade. The valley is also known for its fruit orchards, where apples, cherries, and other fruits thrive. In addition to crop farming, livestock farming is prevalent, with cattle, goats, and sheep being raised for meat, milk, and wool. This diverse agricultural economy ensures that Ghaus Valley remains one of the main providers of food and goods in the region.

The population of Ghaus Valley is predominantly Tajik, and the residents speak Persian. The valley is home to several ethnic groups, including the Kili, Baba Khil, Hamza Khil, and Parchis, who contribute to the valley’s diverse culture. These communities live in a close-knit manner, with strong family ties and a shared commitment to agriculture. The traditional way of life is still prevalent in many parts of Ghaus Valley, although modern influences are beginning to make their mark as well.

Ghaus Valley is also known for its rich cultural heritage, with music, dance, and storytelling playing an important role in the lives of the locals. The valley’s remote location has preserved many traditional customs and practices that are now rare in other parts of Afghanistan. The people of Ghaus Valley are proud of their heritage, and the valley is a place where traditions are passed down through generations.

Pata Valley: A Natural Gem of Southern Nijrab

Nestled in the southern part of Nijrab District, Pata Valley is a serene and picturesque region, renowned for its stunning natural landscapes, cool climate, and cultural richness. Surrounded by majestic mountains, the valley shares its eastern border with Laghman Province, with the high peaks acting as a natural barrier. To the north, Pata Valley opens into Ghaus Valley, creating a seamless connection between the inner valleys of Nijrab.

The valley holds a special place in the hearts of locals and visitors alike. During the summer months, when the lowlands of Afghanistan become hot and dry, Pata Valley transforms into a cool and refreshing retreat. Its gentle breeze, flowing streams, and green pastures attract residents from Kabul and other urban areas who come seeking peace and relief from the summer heat. This seasonal influx not only highlights the valley’s appeal but also contributes to the local economy through tourism and hospitality.

The inhabitants of Pata Valley are primarily Tajiks, and Persian (Dari) is the most commonly spoken language. The people are known for their warmth, hospitality, and deep-rooted connection to the land. Agriculture is the cornerstone of their livelihood. The fertile lands of the valley yield abundant harvests of wheat, barley, and a variety of fruits, especially apples, mulberries, and apricots. These crops not only feed local families but are also sold in nearby markets, sustaining the economic rhythm of the region.

One of Pata Valley’s most notable features is its reputation for producing high-quality medicinal herbs. The surrounding hillsides and forests are rich with wild-growing herbal plants traditionally used in Afghan medicine. Skilled local collectors harvest herbs such as shirmoya (wild mint), zofa (hyssop), and gul-e-banafsha (violet), which are then dried and distributed across different parts of Afghanistan. These natural remedies are still used in both rural and urban areas and represent an important part of Afghanistan’s traditional healing practices. The trade of these herbs provides an additional source of income for the valley’s residents.

Pata Valley is also endowed with natural resources, particularly in its forests. These forested areas are home to a variety of wildlife, including foxes, deer, and mountain birds, which play a role in maintaining the region’s biodiversity. Locals rely on the forests for firewood, timber, and materials essential for building homes, fencing fields, and crafting traditional tools. However, harvesting is generally done with care and respect for the environment, as the people of Pata Valley have long understood the importance of sustainable living and preserving their natural surroundings.

Beyond the economic and natural wealth, Pata Valley carries cultural significance as well. Traditional songs, folklore, and oral stories are passed down through generations, preserving the heritage of the valley. The residents maintain customs that have survived for centuries, blending daily agricultural life with spiritual values and community events that foster unity and mutual support.

In essence, Pata Valley is a cornerstone of Nijrab’s identity—a place where nature and tradition coexist in harmony. With its cool climate, fertile lands, medicinal resources, and close-knit community, the valley continues to serve as a vital part of the district’s economy, environment, and culture.

Pachaghan Valley

Pachaghan Valley is one of the more remote and lesser-known regions within the larger network of valleys in Nijrab District, yet it holds a significant role in the district’s geographical and economic makeup. Positioned in the northern part of Nijrab, Pachaghan Valley is nestled amidst the rugged terrain of the Hindu Kush mountains. Its location offers it a unique position within the landscape, with steep slopes and rocky hillsides that make access to the area more challenging. However, the natural beauty and resources of this valley make it an essential part of Nijrab’s broader ecosystem.

Despite its remote location, the valley is home to several small villages, and its inhabitants are known for their resilience, determination, and strong sense of community. The harsh environmental conditions—marked by extreme temperatures and limited arable land—have shaped the culture and lifestyle of the people living in Pachaghan Valley. The villagers have adapted over time to these challenges, relying on traditional methods of farming and animal husbandry to make the most of the available resources.

The economy of Pachaghan Valley is largely centered around subsistence farming, with crops such as wheat, barley, and corn being grown in the limited fertile land that exists in the valley. The rugged landscape and challenging weather conditions restrict large-scale agricultural practices, but the residents have managed to cultivate crops that can withstand the climate. The valley is known for its agricultural diversity, with crops being carefully rotated to ensure that the soil remains fertile and productive.

In addition to farming, livestock farming plays a crucial role in the valley’s economy. The villagers raise various types of livestock, including sheep, goats, and cattle, for their meat, milk, and wool. These animals provide a steady source of food and income for the local population, and their by-products are used to support daily life. The region is known for producing high-quality dairy products, such as milk, cheese, and yogurt, which are sold in local markets or exchanged within the community.

The challenges of farming and livestock rearing in Pachaghan Valley are made more manageable through the cooperative efforts of the local communities. Villagers often work together to share resources, assist in harvesting, and tend to livestock. This sense of solidarity is a hallmark of life in Pachaghan, and it is an essential element in ensuring the survival of the valley’s residents.

Culturally, Pachaghan Valley retains many traditional practices passed down through generations. The people here maintain a deep connection to their land and heritage, with various festivals and communal events that celebrate the valley’s agricultural achievements and its ties to nature. The isolation of Pachaghan has also helped preserve many customs and traditions that might have been lost in more urbanized areas.

While Pachaghan Valley may not have the same level of infrastructure as other parts of Nijrab, it has a strong sense of community and continues to provide vital resources to the broader district. The valley’s residents remain deeply connected to the land and maintain a sustainable way of life in one of the most challenging environments in Nijrab.

List of Villages in Nijrab District, Kapisa Province (Source: Ministry of Rural Development, 1387)

#	Name of Village	#	Name of Village	#	Name of Village	#	Name of Village
1	Ab Chashma	43	Toman Khel	85	Sultan Shah Khel	127	Kamangaran
2	Abi Khel	44	Khosrow Khel	86	Sadeh	128	Kamsar
3	Ahangaran	45	Khoja Payeen	87	Siyabat	129	Kandi
4	Airan	46	Khurustan	88	Sidm Khel	130	Korme-ei
5	Ibrahim Khel	47	Khurustan	89	Gul Khan or Jar Gul Khan	131	Kunda
6	Ibrahim Khel in the Paghman Valley	48	Jan Baba Khel	90	Kili	132	Koh Lala
7	Ahmad Khel Pasheyi	49	Jar Feroz	91	Shaka Khel	133	Kiar
8	Arbab Khel	50	Jar Qazi	92	Sharif Khel	134	Golko Khel Sufli
9	Aspe Khel	51	Jungle Bagh	93	Shafi Khel	135	Galyan
10	Aspe Ghich	52	Jorghal	94	Shor Ghini	136	Galin
11	Askin	53	Jimboogh	95	Shekhan	137	Gamandok
12	Ashnowa	54	Charsafah	96	Shekhri	138	Gonj
13	Afghaniya Bazaar	55	Chasht Kohi	97	Shir Khan Khel	139	Giaveh Paeen
14	Aleen	56	Chah Kanda	98	Shirwani Bali	140	Lalem
15	Omba	57	Chah Ha	99	Shirwani Paeen	141	Matan
16	Eskali	58	Haji Khel	100	Shighri	142	Mureed Khel
17	Bani Khel	59	Hussain Khel	101	Ashur Khel	143	Miya Na Deh
18	Babaei Isar	60	Haidar Khel	102	Abdul Khel	144	Namuul
19	Babae Eshar	61	Khoru Khel	103	Aiyar Khel Sufli	145	Nojoi
20	Bakhana	62	Khwaja Ahmad Wali	104	Aiyar Khel Aliya	146	Veeshar
21	Bagh Aman	63	Khwaja Aliya	105	Ghazi Bikh Khel	147	Hawareh
22	Bala Deh	64	Khwaja Ghar	106	Ajoalan	148	Lukman
23	Bachi Khel Sufli	65	Khwaja Ghosh	107	Ghan Darah	149	Leek Lameh
24	Bachi Khel Aliya	66	Dara Kalani	108	Ghwareh	150	Margah
25	Badakhshi	67	Dakri	109	Ghojan	151	Malek Khel
26	Baqa Khel	68	Delyar	110	Ghin Bala	152	Mera Zaar
27	Bahadur Khel	69	Do Qoumi	111	Ghin Paeen	153	Nalka
28	Paji Khel	70	Dost Baik Khel	112	Faria	154	Viyar
29	Pariyat	71	Dogh Abad	113	Gili	155	Hamayon Khel
30	Pajan	72	Dowlat Baik Khel	114	Firoz Zai	156	Yasin Khel
31	Pashta	73	Dowlat Khan Khel	115	Qubad Khel	157	Lala Khel
32	Pasheyi	74	De Qazi	116	Firoghesh	158	Luka Khel
33	Pendors	75	De Lashi	117	Qala Che	159	Mohammad Khan Khel
34	Tana Khel	76	De Nawi	118	Qala Khunjir	160	Magdood Khel
35	Tappa Ahmad Baik	77	Zakiya Khel	119	Qala Ghani	161	Mir Khan Khel
36	Terangsarah	78	Roza Khel	120	Qala Ghani	162	Nakhsh Chah
37	Terori	79	Zarshawi	121	Qala Malekha	163	Wamqasar
38	Taghri	80	Zinda Ghine	122	Qala Wali	164	Hararh or Lyceum
39	Tele	81	Zori	123	Kaka Khel	165	Yasin Zai
40	Tawaichian	82	Zagin	124	Kavojamin
41	Pas Kandi	83	Sargwi	125	Klowat
42	Toghak	84	Sela Khan or Salar Khan	126	Kili